PEST Analysis on British Airways Essay -- Economics Business Air Essay

Irritation Analysis on British Airways The four distinct situations are regularly alluded to as PEST and permit a PESTanalysis to be directed this permits the association to audit and consider the earth where it works. The PEST factor that has added to the aircrafts business for a long time, be that as it may, has brought an exceptional change was from the catastrophe on September eleventh 2001. World of politics concerns the job of the administration and its influences in an association it additionally incorporates the degree to which the government mediates in the economy. Because of the fear monger assault numerous carriers, for example, British Airways halted trips to specific nations for example, the middles east and the fundamental nations associated with the dread of their planes being assaulted. This is in this manner caused up a political mix with the way that Britain's dread them possibly the following casualties of psychological militant assaults. This has had a many negative consequences for the carriers as they have missed out on a ton of cash due to the stoppage of trips to specific goals. The specialists have needed to ensure that specific principles have been put into spot to ensure that the aircrafts are protected and that they stand fair and square. English Airways have needed to depend on the political and condition consequences for the input that they get the opportunity to settle on what course if move to make on the carrier. Furthermore the measure of financial action in the monetary condition is critical. While assessi...

Diploma in Business Management Formal Management

Question: Examine the Case Study for Diploma in Business Management of Formal Management. Answer: 1: Premise of Distinction Formal gathering Casual gathering Semi formal gathering Definition A proper gathering is a pre-arranged occasion that remembers a gathering between people for a particular way, keeping the particular standards and guidelines to accomplish a predetermined objectives and goals. A casual gathering is certainly not an arranged gathering and does and is progressively easygoing in nature. A semi formal gathering could suggest a party or an easygoing gathering that can happen at work environment for talking about administrative issues. Formal Agenda A proper gathering will have a conventional motivation. A casual may have a plan yet not a proper motivation A semi formal gathering may have a conventional motivation or probably won't have a proper plan Executive Meeting A conventional gathering incorporates executive gathering. A casual gathering doesn't involve executive gatherings. A semi formal gathering does exclude executive gatherings Opportunity of thought There is no opportunity of thought in a conventional gathering There is finished opportunity of thought in a proper gathering There may be limitation on the opportunity of contemplations in a semi-formal gathering. Formal necessities There are formal necessities in an executive gathering, which is joined by a motivation. There are no proper necessities in a gathering. There could be formal or here could be no proper necessities in a semi formal gathering. Spot Formal gatherings are held in a conventional area, which is chosen in advance. Casual gatherings can happen anyplace and in casual spots like café or an eatery. Semi formal gathering doesn't require formal areas and spots. (b) Purpose of the gatherings Formal gatherings The motivation behind proper gatherings is to examine a lot of foreordained destinations and objectives that is planned to be talked about. The reason for these gatherings is to address a lot of goals for an organization and settle on basic choices in regards to them. The intention is to define basic techniques in regards to the activities of the business. Formal gatherings are likewise led to build straightforwardness in the tasks and furthermore fix responsibility and obligations. These gatherings additionally permit important conversations and conferences to be made with respect to activities and procedures in the organization. It is significant with the goal that the representatives of the organizations can comprehend the focal objectives and destinations of the organization. This would make the representatives mindful of their jobs and obligations in the associations. Casual gathering The motivation behind casual gathering is to examine matters, which would not have been reasonable in a conventional issue. It expects to implant increasingly easygoing methodology in a gathering. These gatherings are held when more opportunity of considerations and discourse is required from the speaker to examine certain casual gatherings with respect to working environment. It gives the speaker some level of adaptability with respect to discourse and the points that can be talked about. Such gatherings expect to cause the speaker to feel more quiet contrasted with what it would have been in a proper gathering. It assists with hearing the thoughts and perspectives on the speaker with greater lucidity and straightforwardness. It assists with talking about business thoughts and impart better in regards to activities of the business. It helps in handing-off data inside an association. Semi-formal gathering Semi-formal gathering is proposed on talking about basic issues of the organization yet in a semi formal tone. Gatherings associated with a gathering The administrator/director is engaged with a gathering. Executive/administrator is the individual who is responsible for directing a gathering and the organization. The administrator or executive is the preeminent expert in a gathering. A secretary must be available in a gathering. A secretary is accountable for putting down letters and keeping accounts of meeting. A convener needs to go to these gatherings. A convener is an individual who arranges a gathering. Contingents need to go to these gatherings. Contingents allude to a gathering of individuals who speak to an association. Agents must be available in a gathering. Agents are the individuals who speak to another gathering in a conversation. Mediators likewise must be available in a gathering. Arbitrators are vested with the duty of being responsible for individuals in gatherings and during conversations. Conversation bunches go to gatherings in a working environment to every now and again talk about on activities and business v entures. 2. Contrast between regular gathering and yearly comprehensive gathering Premise of Distinction Regular gathering Yearly General Meeting Recurrence Regular gatherings can be hung regarding any matter and whenever. Yearly General Meeting is held once per year. Plan The plan for the comprehensive gathering is nothing extraordinary when contrasted with a yearly regular gathering. Yearly General gathering has a preplanned and unique plan for the gathering Gatherings engaged with the gathering Regular gathering includes just the workers and the administration of an organization. Yearly regular gathering includes all the partners of the organization. Need It isn't important to hold a regular gathering. It is held just on the off chance that it is fundamental for the matter of the organization. It is obligatory to hold a yearly comprehensive gathering each money related year. 3. Meeting Requirements: Restrictive Company A restrictive organization isn't committed under law to hold any open gatherings. Thus, there are no particular gathering necessities of the organization. It is totally reliant on the proprietors and the plans of the proprietors. Open Company One of the gathering prerequisites of an open restricted organization is that the majority of the gatherings ought to be 33% of the all out quality of the gathering. An open restricted organization must hold a gathering inside a half year from the year end. Any chief or executive can require a gathering in broad daylight restricted organization. The base number of days to give the notification for the gathering is 14 days and the most extreme number of days for the notification is 21 days. The notification must be submitted to a chief and the endorsement of the director must be incorporated. The chiefs can require a comprehensive gathering at whatever point they think it is important. The solicitation for the gathering must incorporate the idea of the business and the content of the goals. In the event that the gathering has a proposed goals, at that point it is significant goals is remembered for the notification also. The notification must incorporate the date, time and spot of the gathering. The notification must be sent to each part, chief and those speaking to the organization. Taking minutes of a gathering is a legitimate necessity of meeting. Recorded organization One of the significant necessities for holding gatherings of a recorded organization is that will be that it ought to be recorded on the stock trade. The notification of yearly comprehensive gathering should be sent to the investors inside multi day before the gathering. 4. Terms Executive Executive is the central individual who manages a gathering. An administrator seats the gathering. Secretary A secretary is the gatekeeper of a gathering who makes all the course of action and arranges a gathering and keeps up all reports and minutes of a gathering. Treasurer An individual answerable for taking consideration and keeping up the treasury of an association is known as the treasurer of the association. Abstention The demonstration of avoiding and holding back to cast a ballot against a movement or a proposition is called abstention. Deferment The demonstration of discontinuance or delay of a procedure is called dismissal. Plan Plan alludes to a rundown of exercises that should be taken in a gathering in consecutive request. Movement Movement alludes to a proper advance, which is taken to introduce an issue for thought in a gathering. Making Choice Making choice alludes to the additional vote that is given by the director when the vote given by the gatherings in regards to a movement are equivalent. Intermediary An intermediary alludes to somebody who goes to a regular gathering and decisions in the interest of an individual from the organization. Postponed Postponed alludes to the individuals who are officially present for a conversation in a gathering. 5. Estimation of cost Points of interest Sum Room Hire $1,000 Cooking cost Morning Tea $2.50 Lunch $7 Evening Tea $2.50 Gear Hire: Overhead Projector $30 Electronic $20 Whiteboard Information projector $25 Absolute Cost $1,087 6. Records required for a gathering While sorting out and dealing with a gathering, notice and plan are the archives that are required to lead a gathering. Notice Notice is the record that should be dispersed to the supervisors, executives, and all the individuals from the organization. It is a warning with respect to a gathering to all the individuals from the organization. It should express the name of the association. It ought to educate about the date, time and spot of the gathering. It should express the motivation behind the gathering. It ought to incorporate the mark of the secretary. It ought to be given to all the individuals from the organization. It ought to be given well ahead of time. Seven days notice must be given to hold formal gathering. Motivation Motivation alludes to a report that contains the rundown of things that should be talked about in the gathering. It is a guide of the business. The rundown to be talked about in the gathering is chosen after counsel with the executive and in the wake of getting the endorsement with the director. Minutes Another report that is required to be set up following a gathering is minutes. Minutes contain all the subtleties that happen in a gathering. The minutes remember subtleties of the conversations and procedures for a gathering. It incorporates all the complicated subtleties of the gathering. The minutes should reveal insight into the name of the association, date, time, spot of the association, name of

Commitment Deposit Time! - UGA Undergraduate Admissions

Commitment Deposit Time! - UGA Undergraduate Admissions Commitment Deposit Time! We are coming up on May 1, the date by which most freshman applicants need to make a commitment to attend their chosen college. UGA, along with all the other colleges, wants you to take your time and make sure you make the best choice for your future education. You may still be waiting on financial information, taking one last visit, or just trying to make up your mind. If you are still unsure, take the time to make a good decision. But if you know that you will be attending a specific college, I would suggest that you move forward with sending in your commitment deposit (or whatever action your college of choice asks for), and then let the other colleges that you are considering know this decision. These actions let the colleges know who to focus their attention on, who to now stop mailing materials to (this is probably the highlight for some of you!), and at some point, it will allow the colleges to know more about the wait-list possibilities and overall enrollment numbers. So if you know where you will be going to college next year, go ahead and let all of the colleges you are working with know this fact. Dont just be involved, be committed! Go Dawgs!

What Is the Hardest Chemistry Class

Most students agree studying chemistry isnt a walk in the park, but which course is the hardest? Heres a look at difficult chemistry courses and why you might want to take them. The answer depends on the student, but most people consider one of the following chemistry classes to be the hardest. General Chemistry Truthfully, for most people, the hardest chemistry class is the first one. General Chemistry covers a lot of material very quickly, plus it may be some students first experience with a lab notebook and the scientific method. The combination of lecture plus lab can be intimidating. The second semester of General Chemistry tends to be more difficult than the first part since its assumed you have mastered the basics. Acids and Bases and Electrochemistry can be confusing. You need General Chemistry for most science majors or to go into the medical profession. Its an excellent science course to take as an elective because it teaches how science works and helps you understand the world around you, particularly with respect to everyday chemicals, including foods, drugs, and household products. Organic Chemistry Organic Chemistry is difficult in a different way from General Chemistry. Its easy to get so caught up memorizing structures that you can fall behind. Sometimes Biochemistry is taught with Organic. There is a lot of memorization in Biochem, although if you learn how the reactions work, its a lot easier to process the information and figure out how one structure changes into another during a reaction. You need this course for a chemistry major or to pursue a career in the medical field. Even if you dont need it, this course teaches discipline and time management. Physical Chemistry Physical Chemistry involves math. In some cases, it may draw upon calculus, making it essentially a physics thermodynamics course. If you are weak in math or just dislike it, this may be the hardest class for you. You need P-Chem for a chemistry degree. If you are studying physics, its a great class to take to reinforce thermodynamics. Physical Chemistry helps you master the relationships between matter and energy. Its good practice with math. Its very helpful for engineering students, particularly chemical engineering students.

Toxcity on Social Media - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 6 Words: 1854 Downloads: 5 Date added: 2019/04/10 Category Society Essay Level High school Tags: Social Media Essay Did you like this example? There are now approximately 3.196 billion people using social media, a 13% increase from 2017. This number is only expected to increase as the number of mobile phone users grows (Hootsuite). There are, of course, many positive aspects to this thriving use of technology. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Toxcity on Social Media" essay for you Create order While these positive affects should not be ignored, it is important to bring light to the very real and negative new reality that the boom of social media has created. Facts are constantly being distorted for personal benefit. Personal opinions are becoming a thing of a past as medias help fuel polarization. This all has a noticeable impact on empathy within people as they grow numb to their emotions. The relationship between social media and its users has quickly taken a negative turn and is endangering the way that people react to real life. As social media has grown prominently, there has been a correlating deterioration of facts, personal opinion, and empathy. Social media, along with television, has become the prevalent source for information. In a report by Dr. Vousghi, they examined 126,000 stories tweeted by about 3 million people more than 4.5 million times (Dizikes 4). Clearly, media sites such as Twitter provides a more efficient way for current news to be shared at a greater reach of people. The problem with this arises when there is a realization of what these news stories are sharing. From this same study showing how largely news has spread also show that the false new stories out of 126,000 were 70% more likely to be retweeted than true stories were. Not only are these inaccurate stories being shared at a faster rate, but also carry more staying power (Dizikes 3). Discussion of fake news has grown rapidly in recent years, even winning 2017s Word of the Year (Hodges 1). This has a lot to do with unprecedented change in political climate paired with social media. A large factor in this disarray is that there is little to no research done when fueling opinions. Media has a huge trigger on motivated reasoning, explaining why the lack of research is there. Motivated reasoning refers to the unconscious tendency of individuals to fit their processing of information to conclusions that suit some end or goal (Mooney 1). Two prominent figures, Donald Trump and J.K. Rowling create a prime example of how motivated reasoning hurts. Back in 2017, Rowling was quick to criticize the president after seeing a short clip of the Trump seemingly ignoring a young boy diagnosed with spina bifida during a White House event. It was not much longer before the author was forced to recant and admit that the video she based her facts on was an edited version of the clip. Rowling admitted that she let her own sensitivities and biases cloud her from taking in the full scope of the situation (Moran). This is a prime example people being caught in the trouble of quickly tr usting misguided information. This has grown so much that the term Twitter Fingers has been used to describe all those who let their narrow-minded thinking control them and tweet without a full scope of understanding. There are many reasons that all these problems are occurring. Newsrooms traditionally need to establish facts before releasing a story, but this is not the case on social platforms. These platforms allow anyone to post their stories to share with millions of people who, like Rowling, take only the information that is presented to them rather than what is accurate. False news has been proven to strike more emotion and interest in its readers. When discussing policy-making and truthfulness Cairney states In the real world, evidence is contested, the policy process contains many influential actors, scientific evidence is one of many sources of information, and policymakers base their decisions on a mixture of emotions, knowledge and shortcuts to gather relevant evidence (Perl 587). There are no credibility checks done as people are quick to trust an article when it favors what they believe. While it seems like this spread of fake news should be an easy fix, there are factors that make it not so simple. A study by MIT found that users who share accurate information have more followers and send more tweets than fake-news sharers. Despite the differences between factual sources and other, the study proves that falsehood spreads further and faster than the truth (Meyer 1). Social media systematically amplifies falsehood at the expense of the truth, and no research has found how to reverse the trend (Meyer 3). This is dangerous for our society, which allows its citizens to have a large say in how the country functions. Despite all that is put in to creating accurate and reliable news, in the end, it is consumers who need to be more skeptical. This choice is a hard task in this pick a side climate. Personal opinion is engrained in what America is all about, so much so that freedom of speech is embedded in the Constitution. This important right of American citizens while implemented daily, is deteriorating as media contributes to the polarization of the U.S. Polarization can be defined as a two-sided division between contrasting groups with different sets of opinions or beliefs. This is increasingly becoming a problem as social media grows. Across all media sites people are following their friends, family, and other like-minded people. Seeing so many views equal to ones self, it is easy to become hesitant to say anything different in other situations. Keith Hampton, an associate Professor of Communication at Rutgers stated People who use social media are finding new ways to engage politically, but theres a big difference between political participation and deliberation. People are less likely to express opinions and to be exposed to the other side, and thats exposure wed like to see in a democracy (Miller 2) Fear of retaliation and lack of support creates a divisive culture as people feel the need to pick a side where they can gain support from others. This is magnified as algorithms are tweaked to show people content like theirs. Twitter has admitted to creating an algorithm that would begin showing people tweets even from people they dont follow if enough other people they follow favorite them. Facebook is also guilty of manipulating their algorithm, after announcing that they would hide stories with certain types of headlines in the news feed (Miller 3). These kinds of changes are exactly what accelerates polarization in America. Not allowing people to face difference of opinions only makes it easier to blind themselves from varying outlooks, creating a divisive environment. Conformity, silence, and backlash are all negative consequences that can occur when social media stifles the diversity of opinion and debate about public affairs. Pew Research conducted a survey that stated in both personal and online settings people felt more willing to share their views if they thought their audience agreed with them (Hampton 3). This is the famous filter bubble, a concept popularized in the 2011 book of the same name by Eli Pariser, an internet activist and founder of the viral video site Upworthy. Ultimately, democracy works only if citizens are capable of thinking beyond our narrow self-interest ¦ The filter bubble pushes us in the opposite direction†it creates the impression that our narrow self-interest is all that exists (Piore 19). The filter bubble heavily relates to the Spiral of Silence Theory, an idea that people are less likely to express their views if they believe they differ from those of their friends, family and colleagues (Hampton 1). This relates to social media, in that the internet reflects and deepens division, making it easier to read only news and opinions from like-minds. It is emphasized through social media since every action, decision, etc. has potential to be scrutinized in the public eye, on a larger scale. Politics, business, public figures and the public are at risk. In this new era of social media, when these groups have stepped out of line in the eyes of public opinion there is large damage to brands and reputation. Understanding how to manage a company in this social media era has become one of the most important roles for CEOs and marketers in companies (Foley). While accountability is important it can be dangerous when the backlash is solely people following a trend of hate and not fully absorbing the situation. Becoming so quick to conform and attack affects the empathy a person holds as people become out of touch with reality. Compassion fatigue describes the outcome when people are constantly bombarded with tragic stories and eventually get emotionally worn out (Masten 2). This fatigue cannot be solely placed on social media, as it has been going on for years. While media is not exclusively to blame, it certainly exacerbates the amount of tragedies seen, eventually causing some to lose the ability to empathize. Each day there are new hashtags revolving around a tragedy somewhere in the world. Understanding and bringing focus is great and has helped in so many ways but this repetition can still be emotionally exhausting. Instead, emotions have become automatic and ethical obligations. Another effect that has occurred is that some are unable to empathize with dissimilar people. Confirmation bias refers to people only able to understand and empathize with the people who agree with us but when it comes to people who disagree with opposing sides, we find ourselves unable to empathize, and all too able to demonize and dismiss (Masten 2). Moral superiority comes into play in this way. When people see something disagreeable on social media they are ready to mislabel the other person, who they likely dont know. The moral superiority that they have, makes it easier to go on the attack. This is especially true as they are looking at a computer screen rather than being in the face of the actual person. Peoples inability to empathize with ones intentions, mistakes, or humanity is toxic and dangerous. On the other side there is performative goodwill which brings up the question if sending thoughts and prayers, charity donations, etc. can be either inspiring and cathartic, encouraging others to act offline or are people just sharing to get the sentiment out of their system and not seem or feel like a bad person (Lorman 1). We see other people doing something and we follow along because were social beings. This is not to say amazing movements such as Black Lives Matter and #MeToo have not been formed, just that there is weak focus. To conclude there are a lot of factors proving how social media has negatively affected our society. A full understanding of facts is not important if it doesnt result in self elevation. Personal opinion is shadowed by public views. Empathy levels are being suppressed as we are continually fed tragedies leading us to disconnect. This empathy is also lost as people struggle to relate to those with different values. Individuality, creativity, and growth are all in danger as the toxic environment within social media grows. Seeing as this growth in social media is only expected to continue for years to come, personal work needs to be done to learn how to disassociate the cyberworld from the one outside.

The Repercussions of a Universal Health Program in the United States Free Essays

The implementation of a universal health program in the U. S. is one of the many plans presented by President Barack Obama during his campaign several months ago. We will write a custom essay sample on The Repercussions of a Universal Health Program in the United States or any similar topic only for you Order Now (AP, 2007) Now that Obama is the president, we might be expecting this particular response to problems in health care that have been a burden to many Americans in the past years. However, will a nationalized, universal health program resolve the various issues that have been plaguing health care over the years? Reviewing the possible upshots or consequences of this program would serve as rejoinders to this question. A nationalized, universal health program is a seeming response to the problem of limited healthcare coverage in the country although compared with other nations; the U. S. spends large amounts of money for this particular service. (AP, 2007) In general, a universal health program will provide all citizens of the U. S. ith health insurances regardless of the guidelines previously set as qualifications for individuals who are allowed to access healthcare insurance and services. Other issues addressed by a universal health programs is the high cost of healthcare services and medicine, the involvement of private insurance companies in providing healthcare insurance to all, and the prevention of medical errors. (â€Å"Healthcare,† N. D. ) The positive effects of a universal health program constitute healthcare access to all the citizens of the U. S. , whether they are employed or unemployed, obtaining extreme salary ranges or household incomes, and such. However, the program might not gain support from the private sector, particularly insurance providers and employers, as well as other people who do not wish to experience high taxes. Insurance providers will be out of business and the people will be expecting tax increases to provide for healthcare resources. Medical health professionals and healthcare workers might suffer from the increase in number of people who require health care services, leading to the need of expanding the country’s healthcare workforce, and consequentially, resources to fund the expanded workforce. In addition, the quality of healthcare might not undergo improvements or developments due to limited funding, since majority of healthcare resources are allocated to providing healthcare insurance to all. Overall, although the universal health program is an excellent way for the government to address the needs of its people, there are various issues and challenges that must be resolved to ensure the smooth facilitation and implementation of the program. The government should look for ways to arrive at a consensus with private insurance providers, encourage citizens to establish careers in healthcare, and to assure the citizens that tax raises will be able to resolve the issues of limited access to healthcare in the country affecting the health and welfare of the people. How to cite The Repercussions of a Universal Health Program in the United States, Papers

Ethical And Legal Issues In Health Care - Brief Sample

Question: Discuss about theEthical and Legal Issues in Health Care. Answer: Introduction Stakeholders are those people who are involved in each step of a process. They provide suggestions, participate in all aspects, give ideas on what can be done to improve something and support the process in all aspects. The stakeholders involved in the case are; baby Thomas parents, head of Intensive Care Unit Department, nurses, physiotherapists, a social worker and the head of the Finance Department. The stakeholders listed suit all the characteristics of a stakeholder in the medical scenario. Each of them participate in all aspects of baby Thomas health situation. Through their involvement however, they present various ethical and legal conflicts. Ethical and Legal Conflicts The health and human rights charter argues that each person has a right to access both physical and mental health. Everybody is entitled to health protection from the medical practitioners, and health care must be given in for of a public good which is financed publicly and fairly. The dignity and rights of the stakeholders will be affected in the following ways; the patient is an important stake holder because he/she has the right to autonomy. However, in the case study, Thomas is unable to contribute because he is an infant. Therefore, the responsibility of making decisions falls on the parents (Leenen, 2014). On the other hand, the parents of baby Thomas, taking into consideration that the evaluation conducted by the social worker concludes that they were not prepared for the probability that baby Thomas may not survive at all, cannot be said to be in the right state of mind to make a reasonable decision. This is because they are looking at the situation subjectively instead of ob jectively, that is, they still insist on continuation of treatment despite its futility, not taking into consideration that the resources lost (Miracle, 2004). Another important stakeholder in the decision making process is the finance department. This is the department issuing the finances used in the medical care of baby Thomas. The finance department in the case scenario can be assumed to be in charge of disbursing funds for patient healthcare taking into consideration that in the case study withdrawal of NICU care due to limited funds after performing an evaluation of expenses. This makes them responsible for ensuring that treatment is availed to patients. Their request to withdraw NICU care was due to limited funds and considering baby Thomas treatment had already been considered futile. The request can however not be said to have been made on reasonable grounds. This is because the funds can be rerouted to help people with higher chances of survival. This is however not ethical because it goes against principle of justice (Chalom, Raphaely Costarino, 2009). Nurses and doctors also make up the list of stakeholders. They are in charge of baby Thomas care. They administer the babys treatment and work at his best interest. In the case study, it was after them giving it their all to ensure the survival of Thomas that they had come to a conclusion that continued medical treatment would be futile. They then suggested that Thomas be withdraw from life support which is within their rights. However this goes against the Hippocratic Oath because their action would lead to the death of the baby (Manias Street, 2011). The boarding management is yet another stakeholder. This refers to the hospital. The hospital is expected to offer medical assistance to anybody without any discrimination. It should ensure that the quality of medical services offered are at par with the standards. It does this by managing all resources including nurses, doctors, pediatricians, facilities and funds. The hospital is usually concerned with the outer greater picture. Extravagant expenditure on a child with almost no chances of survival goes against the greater picture as they have to consider all their patients and ensure that the hospital experiences lower mortality rates. Therefore they are likely to support the decision to withdraw advanced life support systems for Thomas as they will see it as sacrificing a single individual to save more lives. In addition, they will also view it as an act compassion and empathy as Thomas will suffer no more. This however is not ethical as their actions will violate the principles o f non-maleficence and justice. In addition, their actions would also go against the sense of morals and virtues they are required to uphold as not doing everything within ones power to save an individual is neither morally upright not virtuous (Lynk, 2015). Principles and Virtues of Health Care Ethics Principles in Thomas case is as follows; first of all, medical practitioners are guided by principles such as respect for autonomy, respect for persons, beneficence, non-maleficence and justice. Respect for autonomy refers to a case where the patient has a right to accept or refuse treatment. Respect for persons is where the patient and the medical practitioner have a right to be treated with dignity (Ashcroft, Dawson, Draper McMillan, 2007). Beneficence refers to a case where a medical practitioner is required to act in the interest of the patient in the best way possible. Non-maleficence refers to a case where medical practitioners are not expected to cause harm or inflict pain. Lastly, justice refers to where health resources are distributed fairly and equally, irrespective of how scarce the resources might be (Beauchamp, 2007). In this case, Thomas, a baby with poor health needs to be treated with dignity irrespective of his condition. The medical practitioner attending to him s hould also be treated with dignity and his/her decisions should be greatly respected. Beneficence applies in this case as well because the medical practitioner is required to work to the best interest of Thomas (Gillon Lloyd, 2014). However, Thomas interest is with the parents so the medical practitioners should work to achieve their interest, which is Thomas getting well. Non maleficence can be used in this case. Medical practitioners should not inflict pain (Engelhardt Wildes, 2014). By withdrawing Thomas life support system, the medical practitioners will be causing harm to the baby and to his parents. Ethically, the medical practitioners should thus not withdraw the life support system. The principle of justice is also relevant because baby Thomas, regardless of his age and medical condition is entitled to the medical resources which have been distributed fairly and equitably (Veatch, 2011). Codes of Ethics and Codes of Professional Conduct Apart from principles and virtues of health care ethics, there are codes of ethics and codes of professional conduct. According to the American Medical Association, the relevant codes of ethics and/or codes of professional conduct include; first, patient-physician relationship where medics are expected build trustworthiness with their patients. In the case of Thomas, the medical practitioners should build a trust relationship with his parents so that Thomas parents can at least believe that the medics will save their sons life (Butler, 2012). Second, opinions on consent, communication and decision making where patients participate in making decisions about their health and medical practitioners provide information to help their patients understand their medical condition. The medical practitioners should explain the condition of Thomas to his parents such as cerebral perfusion, hypothermia, thrombosis, sepsis and malnutrition, and also the medical procedures he is undergoing such as resuscitation and extubing the baby (Thomas, Sage, Dillenberg Guillory, 2012). Thirdly, medical practitioners are expected to respect a patients privacy and confidentiality. The doctors, nurses and social workers should keep information about Thomas private and should avoid sharing his medical condition to third parties, otherwise they will be going against the code of privacy and confidentiality (Siegler, 2012). Fourth, as a patient nears the end of life, medical practitioners are expected to help their patients and provide them with compassionate care. In Thomas case, medical practitioners are almost certain that Thomas is not going to make it out of his condition alive. However, according to the ethics of medical practitioners, at this crucial time, Thomas needs greater medical care (Jonsen, Siegler Winslade, 2012). Fifth, a medical practitioner should provide medical service basing on human need and should not be influenced by age, gender, color, race or status. They should therefore not allow the socio economic status of the patient influence the care being provided. In the case of Thomas, the head of the Finance Department suggests that the treatment the baby is getting in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit be withdrawn because it is costly on the parents. This is against the code of conduct of doctors (Shuster, 2010). In Thomas case study, there exists a legal and ethical conflict. Legally, medical practitioners have the right to withdraw or withhold medical treatment from their patients, which is the action the medical practitioners are opting for in the case of Thomas. The withholding and withdrawal of life support systems is legally justified by the principles of informed consent and informed refusal which both have strong roots in common law. Consequentially, palliative care has to be offered in order to satisfy legal requirements (Reich, 2013). Withdrawal or withholding life support systems are supported by the principles of autonomy and beneficence. However, in as much as the action of withdrawing baby Thomas advanced life support systems maybe legal, it can be considered unethical. This is because the action goes against the code of ethics that medical practitioners are sworn in to, the Hippocratic Oath. Withdrawal of baby Thomas advanced life support would most likely lead to death, either instantly or after a period of time. This goes against the principle of non-maleficence as it requires medical practitioners not to kill, inflict pain, incapacitate or deny an individual the benefits of life. These conflicts lead to increased difficulty in making a decision on the course of action (Beauchamp Walters, 2012). The above discussed principles conflict greatly with one another, especially with regard to Thomas case. For instance, there is conflict between principle of beneficence and autonomy. This usually happens when the recommendations given by medical practitioners are not agreed upon by a patient. In the case of Thomas, the head of the Intensive Care Unit and Anesthesia Department has recommended that Thomas be removed from the advanced life support system (Brazier Cave, 2012). The reason for this is that the nurses and physiotherapists argue that in any case Thomas survives, he would suffer great neurological damage and other disabilities, and would therefore not be able to lead a normal life. The conflict comes in when his parents reject this view. They even go to an extent of contacting the media so that they can make public their situation and that of their son (Ramsey, 2015). A Legally and Ethically Defensible Resolution to these Conflicts Ethically, the withdrawal of the life support system from a patient is not acceptable in the medical profession. This is because it is against the principles of autonomy, beneficence and non-maleficence. However, legally, the medics can withdraw and withhold the life support system. This however, must be done with consideration of the offering of palliative care. The medical practitioners might withdraw the life support system and baby Thomas happens to survive. They should ensure that the baby experiences the best medical treatment in the hospital. Medical practitioners such as doctors, nurses and social workers should provide an extra layer of support. The palliative care team should also ensure that there is constant communication between them and Thomas parents so that they are aware of what is going on. Since this could be considered as end of life for Thomas, the medics should apply end of care support. This should enable the medical practitioners help Thomas live well until he dies. They should also ask his parents on their wishes and preferences with regard to Thomas life. The parents should receive social, psychological and spiritual care as well. Thomas is in the stage of end of life because the medicals have ruled out his chances of survival. Conclusion The situation of baby Thomas is conflicting when it comes to legal and ethical terms. The recommendations given by the medical practitioners is to withdraw life support from baby Thomas. Legally this is allowed as long as the medical practitioners apply palliative care. Ethically however, it is not allowed because it goes against various principles in the medical field such as autonomy, beneficence and non-maleficence. Before the medical practitioners come to a common solution, they should assess a lot of aspects. They should consult one another, major stakeholders and Thomas parents so as to avoid legal and ethical issues. References American Medical Association New York Academy of Medicine. (2008). Code of medical ethics. H. Ludwig Company. Ashcroft, R., Dawson, A., Draper, H., McMillan, J. (2007). Principles of health care ethics. Beauchamp, T. (2007). The four principles approach to health care ethics. Principles of health care ethics. Beauchamp, T. Walters, L. (2012). Contemporary issues in bioethics. Brazier, M. Cave, E. (2012). Medicine, patients and the law. Butler, I. (2012). A code of ethics for social work and social care research. British Journal of Social Work. Chalom, R., Raphaely, R., Costarino, A. (2009). Hospital cost of pediatric intensive care. Critical care medicine. Engelhardt, H. Wildes, K. (2014). The four principles of health care ethics and post-modernity: why a libertarian interpretation is unavoidable. Principles of Health Care Ethics. Gillon, R. Lloyd, A. (2014). Principles of health care ethics: a practical approach to ethical decisions in clinical medicine. Jonsen, A., Siegler, M., Winslade, W. (2012). Clinical ethics. Leenen, H. (2014). Rights of Patients in Europe. The European Journal of Health. Lynk, W. (2015). Nonprofit hospital mergers and the exercise of market power. Journal of Law and Economics. Manias, E. Street, A. (2011). The interplay of knowledge and decision making between nurses and doctors in critical care. International Journal of Nursing Studies. Miracle, V. (2004). Rights of Patients. Dimensions of Critical Care Nursing. Ramsey, P. (2015). Ethics at the edges of life: Medical and legal intersections. Yale University Press. Reich, W. (2013). Encyclopedia of bioethics. In 4 vols. Shuster, E. (2010). The Nuremberg Code: Hippocratic ethics and human rights. The Lancet. Siegler, M. (2012). Confidentiality in medicine a decrepit concept. New England Journal of medicine. Thomas, J., Sage, M., Dillenberg, J., Guillory, V. (2012). A code of ethics for public health. American Journal of Public Health. Veatch, R. (2011). A theory of medical ethics.

Explaining the Importance of Introducing U.S. Health Care Reforms

Ethical Framework for Discussing U.S. Health Care Reforms An ethical approach to a decision-making process should provide a significant shift to the perception of health care insurance and cost issues in the United States. Adhering to the idea of free and equal access of all people to the high quality medical care irrespective of social status, nationality, race distinction, and gender, introducing new approaches to allocating resources, as well as rationalizing the costs and insurance of health care system would be paramount for the U.S. health sphere. Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Explaining the Importance of Introducing U.S. Health Care Reforms specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More To introduce changes to the American health care, it is imperative to keep to a utilitarian ethical framework where a worth action is morally justified if it provides positive outcomes to individuals. In this respect, â€Å"the conse quences of leading health care solely to market forces†¦ is not viewed as acceptable when a significant portion of the population lacks access to health services† (Steinbock, Arras, London, 191). Introducing liberty-limiting principles, particularly the concept of paternalism and social welfare should provide significant improvements to the quality of health care in particular and life of U.S. citizens in general. Moreover, looking at the problem of resources allocation, specific attention should be paid to the issue of human rights, particularly to the equality of men and women in society. This principle should be applicable to health care system as well. Underpinnings for Introducing Health Care Reforms: Comparing Current Situation with That in Other Countries Criticism of health care sphere in the United States is justified because many researchers highlight the pitfalls and drawbacks of the current situation. In particular, Orszag insists on the idea that â€Å"im proving the quality of health care and reducing its cost will require that doctors make many changes† among which â€Å"working on weekends and consenting to quality management are two clear ones† (n. p.). In other words, the primary focus should be made on the quality of health care delivery, as well as equal access of all people to free medical treatment. At least all people should be provided with professional help irrespective of insurance policies. Similar concerns are expressed Affordable Health Choices Act foreseeing reorganization of healthcare system and its shit to a patient-centered approach to medical therapy services (Morgan 1). In addition, high quality of care should envision social safety and welfare for all U.S. citizens, which according to legislature have equal rights for medical treatment (Steinbock, Arras, London 175). A comparative analysis of U.S. health care system with the health care systems in other countries highlights the existing gaps in the American insurance health issues, as well as quality of medical treatment. For instance, the statistics provided by the World Health Organization prove French health care to be the first whereas the U.S. system takes the 37th place (Shapiro n. p.). Advertising Looking for essay on health medicine? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The quality of the French system, therefore, bases on the concepts of choices and options, which is exactly the U.S. system lacks. Deliberating on the German health care, Knox states, â€Å"†¦there’s usually little or no wait to get elective surgery or diagnostic tests, such as MRI. It’s one of the world’s best health care systems, visible in ways that most German take for granted† (n. p.) Just like the U.S. nation respects its cultural and social values, the Dutch system of health care chooses a national approach to treating their values. Respecting their patient s’ views and rights, they try to attach principles that would be congruent with their moral and ethics (Neighmond n. p.). Finally, the situation in the UK provides serious underpinnings for the United States to think over the changes in the sphere of health care as fare as insurance gap is concerned (Silberner n. p.). Regarding to the above-presented facts, introducing constant changes and significant reforms to the U.S health care is imperative to solve the urgent problems because the plan of providing all citizens with insurance failed (Reid n. p.). Regarding Reid’s deliberations on the future perspective of Medicare, it is hard to judge whether future reforms are going to be successful or not because too many gaps have been highlighted. The highest probability of success can occur ethical frameworks will be introduced and underscored because they can contribute to an effective decision-making process (Grouse, n. p.). While investigating the problem of resources all ocation, much concern should be focused on the priorities of investing resource either in technological development or in the actual delivery of high quality services (Steinbock, Arras, London 190). Discussing cost problems and rational allocation of health care resources requires consideration of ethical principle in a broader philosophical context. Establishing paternalistic principles on private sector can contribute to better delivery of medical treatment to larger amounts of population. While considering an ethical framework and legislation, much attention should be paid of life choices of individuals. In this respect, â€Å"everyone is guaranteed access to â€Å"acceptable level† or †¦of health care† and, under these circumstances, â€Å"society will have lived up to its moral obligation† (Steinbock, Arras, London 175). A rational distribution of resources will deprive health care system of the problem of scare resources and will ensure free and e qual access of the U.S. citizens to the health care establishments. Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Explaining the Importance of Introducing U.S. Health Care Reforms specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In addition, there should be an adequate algorithm of spending private and government financial funds to provide marginally effective treatments. In order to introduce such changes, difficult decisions should be made because physicians should reconsider their ethical principles and introduce morally justified schemes of patient treatment. With regard to the above-presented assumptions and findings, it should be stressed that the problem of expenditures and resources allocation should not threaten the health of individuals. While allocating resources, the primary focus should be made on the U.S. Constitution revealing equality and freedom as priority principles. Utilitarian principles should also be taken into the d eepest consideration to provide a shift to existing health insurance system and introduce significant changes to the overall U.S. health care system. Moreover, using the best health care reforms practices taking place in other countries highlights the importance of introducing new ethical and legal models for improving the quality of life in the United States. First of all, tangible changes should be introduced to the sphere of doctor’s responsibilities and obligations, as well as quality management concerns. Second, the principle of distributing medical resources should be based on patient-oriented approach, where the primary concern should be connected with the extent to which an individual is in need of help, but not with the presence of insurance. Finally, introducing liberty-limiting and right principles are among the most important ethical principles that should be followed by health care professionals. Works Cited Grouse, Lawrence. Physicians for Sale: How Medical Pr ofessional Organizations Exploit Their Members. 2008. Web. http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/577178 Knox, Richard. Most Patient Happy with German Health Care. National Public Radio. 2008. Web. http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=91971406Advertising Looking for essay on health medicine? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Morgan, Rebecca. AACP Support New Healthcare Reform Legislation. American Association of Colleges of Pharmacy. 1-2. 2009. Web. http://www.nytimes.com/2010/10/04/opinion/04orszag.html?_r=2emc=eta1 Neighmond, Patti. Netherlands’ Health Care Reflects National Values. National Public Radio. 2008. Web. http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=92641635 Orszag, Peter. Health Care’s Lost Weekend. The New York Times. 2010. Web. http://www.nytimes.com/2010/10/04/opinion/04orszag.html?_r=2emc=eta1 Reid, Thomas R. T. R. Reid: Can We Really Fix U.S. Health Care? The Commonwealth Club of California. 2009. Web. http://www.commonwealthclub.org/events/2009-09-14/tr-reid-can-we-really-fix-us-health-care Shapiro, Joseph. Health Care Lessons from France. National Public Radio. 2008. Web. http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=92419273 Silberner, Joanne. MS Patient Falls into American Insurance Gap. National Public Radio. 2008. Web. http://www.npr.org/templates/st ory/story.php?storyId=92067101 Steinbock, Bonnie., Arras, John., London, Alex. L. Ethical Issues in Modern Medicine. US: McGraw Hill. 2003. Print. This essay on Explaining the Importance of Introducing U.S. Health Care Reforms was written and submitted by user Archer D. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Most Important Themes in The Crucible, Analyzed

Most Important Themes in The Crucible, Analyzed SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips The Crucible remains a staple of high school English because it is rich in themes that are consistently relevant to human beings regardless of time period. But these themes aren't always easy to explain or dissect in the context of the play, and they can be even harder to develop into essays. Read on for an overview of what a theme is, a list of important themes in The Crucible with specific act-by-act details, and a summary of how to use this information in your essays and other assignments. What’s a Theme? Why Are Themes Important? Before I get into the nitty-gritty of howThe Cruciblethemes are expressed, let's do a quick overview of what themes are and why they matter. A theme is a central topic that is addressed by a work of literature. Themes can be expressed in many different ways. In the case of a play like The Crucible, themes are revealed mainly through the dialogue of the characters. They're also revealed though events in the plot. Themes tell us what the purpose of the work is. What is the writer attempting to convey to the viewer? The Crucible's themes have lent the play artistic longevity because they're more or less universal to the human experience across time.If you hope to write an awesome essay onThe Crucible, you should have extensive knowledge of its themes. If you can show that you understand the themes of a work of literature, you've clearly mastered the material on a deeper level.In the next few sections,I'll take a look at a group of broad themes inThe Crucible, including irony, hysteria, reputation, and power. Theme 1: Irony First off, what is irony? Many people are under the impression that irony is just when something happens that you don't expect (or that you really hoped wouldn't happen). In reality, true irony only happens when a situation is the exact opposite of what you would expect.The classic example of an incorrect use of irony is in Alanis Morisette's song "Ironic" when she says that "rain on your wedding day" is an example of irony. Well, it's not. Sure, you don't expect or want rain, but it's not the polar opposite of getting married. A real example of irony would be if two married guests got into a fight about going to your wedding that ended in their divorce. Irony abounds throughout The Crucibleascharacters who believe they are combating the Devil’s handiwork actually perform it themselves.The ruthlessness with which the suspected witches are treated is aimed at purifying Salem, but it achieves the opposite outcome. The town slips further and further into chaos and paranoia until it reaches a point of total devastation.As Reverend Hale says to Danforth, â€Å"Excellency, there are orphans wandering from house to house; abandoned cattle bellow on the highroads, the stink of rotting crops hangs everywhere, and no man knows when the harlots’ cry will end his life - and you wonder yet if rebellion’s spoke?† (Act 4, pg. 121). The court's attempts to preserve Puritan morality by arresting and executing accused witches ironically lead to the removal of the most virtuous people from society. These people are the only ones who refuse to throw out false accusations or lie about involvement in witchcraft, so they find themselves condemned (this is the fate of Rebecca Nurse). This means that much of the population that remains is comprised of the power-hungry, the selfish, and the cowardly. Act 1 There are several ironies in Act 1 that center around Abigail Williams. In her conversation with John, Abigail claims that he helped her realize all the lies she was told by two-faced people in Salem who only publicly adhere to the conventions of respectable society (pg. 22).The irony is that, in the face of John’s rejection, Abigail turns around and creates her own lies soon after that give her increased control over the society she resents.She puts on a fake front to get what she wants, ultimately creating a persona that’s even worse than that of the hypocrites she criticizes.Abigail’s many deceptions are sometimes laughably ironic as she chastises others for lying even as she is spinning falsehoods.In this act, she yells â€Å"Don’t lie!† at Tituba immediately before she tells some of the most damning lies of the play accusing Tituba of witchcraft (â€Å"She comes to me while I sleep; she’s always making me dream corruptions!† pg. 4 1). Hale also makes some unintentionally ironic statements in Act 1 when he begins his investigation.He claims that they must not jump to conclusions based on superstition in their investigation of Betty’s affliction.Hale is convinced that a scientific inquiry based only on facts and reality can be conducted to detect a supernatural presence. This is ironic becausesearching for "the Devil's marks" as the potential cause of an ailment is inherently superstitious. Once the accusations begin, Parris initiates an ironic thought process that persists throughout The Crucible: â€Å"You will confess yourself or I will take you out and whip you to your death, Tituba!† (pg. 42).This â€Å"confess or die† mindset is one of the central ironies of the play.The whole purpose of a trial is to hear both sides of the story before a verdict is reached.In telling people they must confess to their crimes or be hanged, the officials show that they have already decided the person is guilty no matter what evidence is provided in their defense. Act 2 In Act 2, John Proctor’s guilt over his affair with Abigail is demonstrated through an ironic exchange with Reverend Hale. When Hale asks him to recite his commandments, the only one he forgets is adultery.This is also the commandment that he has violated most explicitly, so you’d think it would be the first one to spring to mind.The fact that he forgets only this commandment shows that he is trying extremely hard to repress his guilt. This act also sees the irony of Hale discussing the â€Å"powers of the dark† that are attacking Salem (pg. 61).This is irony of the same type that I discussed in the overview of this theme.Hale doesn’t realize that his own fears and suspicions are the real powers of the dark.Salem is under attack from the hysteria that is encouraged by the same people who seek to keep imaginary supernatural demons at bay. Act 3 In Act 3, Hale continues to make ironic statements about the existence of concrete proof for the accusations of witchcraft.While touting his holy credentials, he claims that he â€Å"dare not take a life without there be a proof so immaculate no slightest qualm of my conscience may doubt it† (pg. 91).This â€Å"immaculate proof† that has led him to sign numerous death warrants is nothing but the fabrications of teenage girls and other townspeople seeking petty revenge.These types of statements made by Hale earlier in the play become even more ironic in Act 4 when he realizes he made a horrible mistake by trusting the â€Å"evidence† that was presented to him. Abigail’s presence is always rife with irony in The Crucible, as she constantly chastises others for sins she herself has committed.When she is brought in for questioning and claims to see Mary’s familiar spirit, she says â€Å"Envy is a deadly sin, Mary.†Abigail herself has acted out of envy for the entire play.Her jealousy of Elizabeth Proctor’s position as John’s wife has led her to attempted murder, first by the charm in the woods and now by accusing Elizabeth of witchcraft. Elizabeth is a victim of cruel irony in this Act when she is summoned to testify on the reasons why she dismissed Abigail from her household.John has already confessed that the affair was the reason for Abigail’s dismissal.John tells the judge to summon Elizabeth to back him up because he knows she always tells the truth.Ironically, though she is normally honest to a fault, in this situation Elizabeth decides to lie to preserve John’s reputation, not knowing he has already confessed.This well-intentioned mistake seals both of their fates. Act 4 Act 4 is Danforth’s turn to shine in the irony department.He is appalled by Elizabeth’s lack of emotion when he asks her to help the court get a confession out of her husband (pg. 123).This attitude comes from a man who has shown no remorse for condemning people to death throughout the play.He refers to John’s refusal to confess as â€Å"a calamity,† looking past his own involvement in the larger calamity of the conviction that led John to this point. Later in Act 4, Danforth becomes angry at the implication that John’s confession may not be the truth. He insists,â€Å"I am not empowered to trade your life for a lie† (pg. 130).Of course, we know that Danforth has been trading people’s lives for lies this whole time.He has sentenced people to death based on lies about their dealings in black magic, and he has accepted other false confessions from those who would rather lie than be executed.To Danforth, anything that doesn’t confirm that he was right all along is a lie. Discussion Questions Here are a few questions related to this theme that you can use to test your grasp of irony and its significance as a theme in The Crucible: How is Parris’ fate in act 4 ironic when considering his role in the events of the play? Why do certain characters seem to be blind to the irony of their actions (Abigail, Danforth)? Why is hypocrisy so common in repressive communities like Salem? Explain the irony of Hale’s position at the end of the play as compared to his actions at the beginning. Hale wrongly assumes that his academic mindset will save him from jumping to the wrong conclusions in the witchcraft investigation. Ironically, he is the first to demand a confession from Tituba based on Abigail's dramatic but false testimony. Theme 2: Hysteria The thematic significance of hysteria builds quickly as accusations of witchcraft proliferate throughout Salem.The power of collective hysteria ultimately becomes insurmountable because it grows larger than the influence of the few rational voices in the community. The seeds are planted in Act 1, when Abigail is questioned about her activities in the woods and ends up accusing Tituba of witchcraft to avoid punishment.The town, already primed with rumors of black magic, is quickly willing to accept that the first few women who are accused are involved in black magic because they’re beggars and slaves.No one considers that the accusers are lying, partially because they’re seen as innocent children and partially because many â€Å"witches† confess to avoid the death penalty. Armed with the false proof of these coerced confessions, the court officials aggressively persecute anyone who is accused.Hysteria blinds the people of Salem to reason as they become convinced that there is a grand Satanic plot brewing in town, and they must not hesitate to condemn anyone who could be involved.This is a lesson in how fear can twist perceptions of reality even for those who consider themselves reasonable under normal circumstances. Act 1 Even before Abigail makes accusations, rumors of witchcraft have morphed into accepted truths in the minds of the more superstitious members of the community.Ann Putnam jumps at any opportunity to blame supernatural forces for the deaths of her children.Ann’s extreme conclusions are gradually accepted because rational people are too afraid to challenge the consensus and risk bringing accusations upon themselves.Hale’s involvement is taken to mean that there must be a supernatural element to Betty’s illness.Rational explanations are ground up by the drama of the rumor mill, and people see only what they want to see (whatever keeps them in the good graces of society andmakes them feel the best about themselves) in situations that don't appear to have easy explanations. The madness begins in earnest with Abigail’s claim that Tituba and Ruth were conjuring spirits in the woods.Parris is extremely dismayed by this revelation because of the damage it will do to his reputation.Thomas Putnam tells him to â€Å"Wait for no one to charge you - declare it yourself.†Parris must rush to be the first accuser so he can place himself beyond reproach. It's atoxic strategy that causes panic to spread quickly and fear for one’s life to take the place of rationality.Tituba is pressured to confess and name the names of other â€Å"witches† to avoid execution, which leads to Abigail and Betty’s accusations, now validated by a coerced confession.This vicious cycle continues to claim the lives of more and more people as the play progresses. Act 2 By Act 2, there are nearly 40 people in jail accused of witchcraft.Many people confess when threatened with execution, and this only heightens the paranoid atmosphere.The authorities ignore any inconvenient logical objections to the proceedings because they, too, are swept up in the madness. The hysterical atmosphere and the dramatic performances of some of the accusers cause people to believe they have seen genuine proof of witchcraft.Each new false confession is thrown onto the pile of â€Å"evidence† of a grand Satanic plot, and as the pile grows larger, the hysteria surrounding it is fed generously. This hysteria-based â€Å"evidence† of witchcraft includes the discovery of the poppet in the Proctor household with a needle in it.Elizabeth's side of the story is disregarded because Abigail’s testimony is far more dramatic."She sat to dinner in Reverend Parris's house tonight, and without word nor warnin' she falls to the floor. Like a struck beast, he says, and screamed a scream that a bull would weep to hear. And he goes to save her, and, stuck two inches in the flesh of her belly, he draw a needle out." (Cheever pg. 71). The idea that a witch's familiar spirit is capable of stabbing people is too scary for the superstitious and now hysterical people of Salem to give Elizabeth the benefit of the doubt. No one even considers Mary's statement about sticking the needle in herself. In this environment, whoever yells the loudest seems to get the most credibility. Act 3 The depths of the hysteria that has gripped Salem are revealed in Act 3 when John finally confronts the court. Danforth makes a shocking argument defending the way the trials have been conducted, insisting that only the victim’s testimony can serve as reliable evidence in this type of trial.He is completely oblivious to the fact that the â€Å"victims† might be lying.The court refuses to challenge anyone who claims to have been afflicted. When the petition testifying to the good character of the accused women is presented, the reaction from Danforth, Hathorne, and Parris is to arrest the people who signed it rather than considering that this might indicate that the women are innocent.Danforth is convinced that â€Å"there is a moving plot to topple Christ in the country!† and anyone who doubts the decisions of the court is potentially involved.They so fear the devilish consequences of challenging the accusers that they’re willing to take them at their word and ignore any defenses the accused have to offer.Nowhere is there any consideration of ulterior motives. The power of mass hysteria is further revealed when Mary is unable to faint outside of a charged courtroom environment.She believed she had seen spirits earlier because she was caught up in the delusions of those around her.Abigail distracts the judges from any rational investigation in this act by playing into this hysteria.Danforth, who has the most authority, is also the most sold on her act, and it only takes a few screams to persuade him that he’s in the presence of witchcraft.This leads to Mary’s hysterical accusation of Proctor after she finds herself targeted by the other girls and about to be consumed by the hysteria herself if she doesn’t contribute to it. Act 4 Danforth continues to demonstrate the effects of hysteria in act 4 even after things have died down a bit in Salem and there have been rumblings of discontent about the court’s actions.As John gives his confession, Danforth says to Rebecca Nurse â€Å"Now, woman, you surely see it profit nothin’ to keep this conspiracy any further. Will you confess yourself with him?† (pg. 129)He is still convinced that all the prisoners are guilty and is determined to force them to admit their guilt. Danforth also becomes frustrated with Proctor when he won’t name names in his confession: â€Å"Mr. Proctor, a score of people have already testified they saw [Rebecca Nurse] with the Devil† (pg. 130).Danforth insists that John must know more about the Devil's dealings than he has revealed.Though Rebecca Nurse's involvement has already been corroborated by other confessors, Danforth demands to hear it from John to confirm that John is fully committed to renouncing his supposed ties to Satan. Discussion Questions Here are a few questions about hysteria to consider now that you've read a summary of how this theme was expressed throughout the plot of the play: How does the hysteria in the play get started? What are some of the factors that feed the panic and suspicion in Salem, and why are officials (like Danforth) unable or unwilling to listen to reason? Is there any character besides John Proctor that represents the voice of common sense amidst the madness? Why is Cheever both astonished and afraid when he finds the poppet with the needle in it? Why is everyone so quick to believe Abigail’s story? Danforth explains that witchcraft is an invisible crime and that only the victims are reliable. How does this philosophy perpetuate hysteria? Even though there is significant reason to believe Abigail is lying about Elizabeth's familiar spirit stabbing her, the frenzied investigators ignore testimony that challenges their chosen witchy narrative. Theme 3: Reputation Concern for reputation is a theme that looms large over most of the events in The Crucible.Though actions are often motivated by fear and desires for power and revenge, they are also propped up by underlying worries about how a loss of reputation will negatively affect characters' lives.John’s concern for his reputation is strong throughout the play, and his hesitation to reveal Abigail’s true nature is a product of his own fears of being labeled an adulterer. Once there have been enough convictions, the reputations of the judges also become factors. They are extremely biased towards believing they have made the correct sentencing decisions in court thus far, so they are reluctant to accept new evidence that may prove them wrong.The importance placed on reputation helps perpetuate hysteria because it leads to inaction, inflexibility, and, in many cases, active sabotage of the reputations of others for selfish purposes. The overall message is that when a person's actions are driven by desires to preserve favorable public opinion rather than do the morally right thing, there can be extremely dire consequences. Act 1 Reverend Parris' concerns about his reputation are immediately evident in Act 1. Parris initially insists that there are â€Å"no unnatural causes† for Betty’s illness because he fears that he will lose favor with the townspeople if witchcraft is discovered under his roof.He questions Abigail aggressively because he’s worried his enemies will learn the full story of what happened in the woods first and use it to discredit him.Parris is very quick to position himself on the side of the accusers as soon as Abigail throws the first punch, and he immediately threatens violence on Tituba if she doesn't confess (pg. 42).He appears to have no governing system of morality. His only goal is to get on the good side of the community as a whole, even in the midst of this bout of collective hysteria. Abigail also shows concern for her reputation.She is enraged when Parris questions her suspicious dismissal from the Proctor household.Abigail insists that she did nothing to deserve it and tries to put all the blame on Elizabeth Proctor.She says, "My name is good in the village! I will not have it said my name is soiled! Goody Proctor is a gossiping liar!" (pg. 12) The first act of The Crucibleclearly establishes the fact that a bad reputation can damage a person’s position in this society severely and irreparably. Act 2 In this act, we learn more details about the accused that paint a clearer picture of the influence of reputation and social standing on the patterns of accusations.Goody Good, an old beggar woman, is one of the first to be named a witch. It’s easy for more respectable citizens to accept that she’s in league with the Devil because she is an "other" in Salem, just like Tituba.When Abigail accuses Elizabeth, a respected farmer’s wife, it shows that she is willing to take big risks to remove Elizabeth from the picture.She’s not a traditionally accepted target like the others (except in her susceptibility as a woman to the misogyny that runs rampant in the play). In Act 2, the value of reputation in Salem starts to butt heads with the power of hysteria and fear to sway people’s opinions (and vengeance to dictate their actions).Rebecca Nurse, a woman whose character was previously thought to be unimpeachable, is accused and arrested.This is taken as evidence that things are really getting out of control ("if Rebecca Nurse be tainted, then nothing's left to stop the whole green world from burning." Hale pg. 67).People in power continue to believe the accusers out of fear for their own safety, taking the hysteria to a point where no one is above condemnation. At the end this act, John Proctor delivers a short monologue anticipating the imminent loss of the disguises of propriety worn by himself and other members of the Salem community.The faces that people present to the public are designed to garner respect in the community, but the witch trials have thrown this system into disarray.Proctor’s good reputation is almost a burden for him at this point because he knows that he doesn’t deserve it. In a way,John welcomes the loss of his reputation because he feels so guilty about the disconnect between howhe is perceived by others and the sins he has committed. Act 3 John Proctor sabotages his own reputation in Act 3 after realizing it's the only way he can discredit Abigail.This is a decision with dire consequences in a town where reputation is so important, a fact that contributes to the misunderstanding that follows.Elizabeth doesn’t realize that John is willing to sacrifice his reputation to save her life.She continues to act under the assumption that his reputation is of the utmost importance to him, and she does not reveal the affair. This lie essentially condemns both of them. Danforth also acts out of concern for his reputations here. Hereferences the many sentencing decisions he has already made in the trials of the accused. If Danforth accepts Mary’s testimony, it would mean that he wrongly convicted numerous people already. This fact could destroy his credibility, so he is biased towards continuing to trust Abigail.Danforth has extensive pride in his intelligence and perceptiveness. This makes him particularly averse to accepting that he's been fooled by a teenage girl. Act 4 Though hysteria overpowered the reputations of the accused in the past two acts, in act 4 the sticking power of their original reputations becomes apparent.John and Rebecca’s solid reputations lead to pushback against their executions even though people were too scared to stand up for them in the midst of the trials.Parris begs Danforth to postpone their hangings because he fears for his life if the executions proceed as planned.He says, â€Å"I would to God it were not so, Excellency, but these people have great weight yet in the town† (pg. 118). However, this runs up against Danforth’s desire to preserve his reputation as a strong judge.He believes that â€Å"Postponement now speaks a floundering on my part; reprieve or pardon must cast doubt upon the guilt of them that died till now. While I speak God’s law, I will not crack its voice with whimpering† (pg. 119).Danforth’s image is extremely valuable to him, and he refuses to allow Parris’ concerns to disrupt his belief in the validity of his decisions. In the final events of Act 4, John Proctor has a tough choice to make between losing his dignity and losing his life. The price he has to pay in reputation to save his own life is ultimately too high.He chooses to die instead of providing a false confession because he doesn’t think life will be worth living after he is so disgraced. As he says,â€Å"How may I live without my name? I have given you my soul; leave me my name!† (pg. 133) Discussion Questions Here are a few discussion questions to consider after you've read my summary of how the theme of reputation motivates characters and plot developments in The Crucible: How are characters’ behaviors affected by concern for their reputations? Is reputation more important than truth? Why doesn’t John immediately tell the court that he knows Abigail is faking? How does Parris’ pride prevent him from doing anything to stop the progression of events in the play? Why does Mary Warren warn John about testifying against Abigail? Why does he decide to do so anyways? Why does John decide to ruin his reputation in Act 3 by confessing to the affair? How is the arrest of Rebecca Nurse a sign that the hysteria in Salem has gotten out of control? How does reputation influence who is first accused of witchcraft? If you're an old beggar woman who sometimes takes shelter in this creepy shack, you better believe these jerks are gonna turn on you as soon as anyone says the word "witch." Theme #4: Power and Authority The desire to preserve and gain power pervadesThe Crucible as the witch trials lead to dramatic changes in which characters hold the greatest control over the course of events.Abigail’s power skyrockets as the hysteria grows more severe.Where before she was just an orphaned teenager, now, in the midst of the trials, she becomes the main witness to the inner workings of a Satanic plot.She has the power to utterly destroy people’s lives with a single accusation because she is seen as a victim and a savior. The main pillars of traditional power are represented by the law and the church.These two institutions fuse together in The Crucible to actively encourage accusers and discourage rational explanations of events. The girls are essentially given permission by authority figures to continue their act because they are made to feel special and important for their participation.The people in charge are so eager to hold onto their power that if anyone disagrees with them in the way the trials are conducted, it is taken as a personal affront and challenge to their authority. Danforth, Hathorne, and Parris become even more rigid in their views when they feel they are under attack. Act 1 As mentioned in the overview, religion holds significant power over the people of Salem.Reverend Parris is in a position of power as the town's spiritual leader, but he is insecure about his authority.He believes there is a group of people in town determined to remove him from this position, and he will say and do whatever it takes to retain control.This causes problems down the line as Parris allows his paranoia about losing his position to translate into enthusiasm for the witch hunt. Abigail, on the other hand, faces an uphill battle towards more power over her situation.She is clearly outspoken and dominant, but her initial position in society is one of very little influence and authority.One path to higher standing and greater control would be in becoming John Proctor’s wife.When she can’t get John to abandon Elizabeth for her, she decides to take matters into her own hands and gain control through manipulating the fears of others. Abigail accuses Tituba first because Tituba is the one person below her on the ladder of power, so she makes an easy scapegoat. If Tituba was permitted to explain what really happened, the ensuing tragedy might have been prevented.No one will listen to Tituba until she agrees to confirm the version of events that the people in traditional positions of authority have already decided is true, a pattern which continues throughout the play.Tituba is forced to accept her role as a pawn for those with greater authority and a stepping stone for Abigail’s ascent to power. Act 2 By Act 2, there have been notable changes in the power structure in Salem as a result of the ongoing trials.Mary Warren’s sense of self-importance has increased as a result of the perceived value of her participation in court.Elizabeth notes that Mary's demeanor is now like that of â€Å"the daughter of a prince† (pg. 50).This new power is exciting and very dangerous because it encourages the girls to make additional accusations in order to preserve their value in the eyes of the court. Abigail, in particular, has quickly risen from a nobody to one of the most influential people in Salem.Abigail’s low status and perceived innocence under normal circumstances allow her to claim even greater power in her current situation.No one thinks a teenage orphan girl is capable of such extensive deception (or delusion), so she is consistently trusted.In one of the most well-known quotes in the play, John Proctor angrily insists that â€Å"the little crazy children are jangling the keys of the kingdom† (pg. 73), meaning the girls are testing out the extent of the chaos they can create with their newfound power. Act 3 In Act 3, Abigail’s power in the courthouse is on display.She openly threatens Danforth for even entertaining Mary and John's accusations of fraud against her. Though Danforth is the most powerful official figure in court, Abigail manipulates him easily with her performance as a victim of witchcraft. He's already accepted her testimony as evidence, so he is happy for any excuse to believe her over John and Mary.John finally comes to the realization that Mary's truthful testimony cannot compete with the hysteria that has taken hold of the court.The petition he presents to Danforth is used as a weapon against the signers rather than a proof of the innocence of Elizabeth, Martha, and Rebecca. Abigail's version of events is held to be true even after John confesses to their affair in a final effort to discredit her.Logic has no power to combat paranoia and superstition even when the claims of the girls are clearly fraudulent.John Proctor surrenders his agency at the end of Act 3 i n despair at the determination of the court to pursue the accusations of witchcraft and ignore all evidence of their falsehood. Act 4 By Act 4, many of the power structures that were firmly in place earlier in the play have disintegrated.Reverend Parris has fallen from his position of authority as a result of the outcomes of the trials.He is weak and vulnerable after Abigail's theft of his life's savings, and he’s even facing death threats from the townspeople as a result of John and Rebecca's imminent executions.In Act 1 he jumped on board with the hysteria to preserve his power, but he ended up losing what little authority he had in the first place (and, according to Miller's afterward, was voted out of office soon after the end of the play). The prisoners have lost all faith in earthly authority figures and look towards the judgment of God.The only power they have left is in refusing to confess and preserving their integrity. In steadfastly refusing to confess, Rebecca Nurse holds onto a great deal of power.The judges cannot force her to commit herself to a lie, and her martyrdom severely damages their legitimacy and favor amongst the townspeople. Discussion Questions Here are some discussion questions to consider after reading about the thematic role of the concepts of power and authority in the events of the play: How do the witch trials empower individuals who were previously powerless? How does Reverend Hale make Tituba feel important? Compare and contrast three authority figures in this drama: Hale, Danforth, and Parris. What motivates their attitudes and responses toward the witch trials? What makes Danforth so unwilling to consider that the girls could be pretending? Why does Mary Warren behave differently when she becomes involved in the trials? How do the actions of authority figures encourage the girls to continue their accusations and even genuinely believe the lies they’re telling? Mary Warren when she comes back from Salem in Act 2 A Quick Look at Some Other The CrucibleThemes These are themes that could be considered subsets of the topics detailed in the previous sections, but there's also room to discuss them as topics in their own right. I'll give a short summary of how each plays a role in the events of The Crucible. Guilt The theme of guilt is one that is deeply relevant to John Proctor's character development throughout the play. John feels incredibly ashamed of his affair with Abigail, so he tries to bury it and pretend it never happened. His guilt leads to great tension in interactions with Elizabeth because he projects his feelings onto her, accusing her of being judgmental and dwelling on his mistakes. In reality, he is constantly judging himself, and this leads to outbursts of anger against others who remind him of what he did (he already feels guilty enough!). Hale also contends with his guilt in act 4 for his role in condemning the accused witches, who he now believes are innocent. There's a message here about the choices we have in dealing with guilt. John attempts to crush his guilt instead of facing it, which only ends up making it an even more destructive factor in his life. Hale tries to combat his guilt by persuading the prisoners to confess, refusing to accept that the damage has already been done. Both Hale and Proctor don't want to live with the consequences of their mistakes, so they try to ignore or undo their past actions. Misogyny and Portrayal of Women Miller's portrayal of women in The Crucible is a much-discussed topic. The attitudes towards women in the 1950s, when the play was written, are evident in the roles they're given. The most substantial female character is Abigail, who is portrayed as a devious and highly sexualized young woman. She is cast as a villain. Then, on the other end of the spectrum, we have Rebecca Nurse. She is a sensible, saintly old woman who chooses to martyr herself rather than lie and confess to witchcraft. The other two main female characters, Elizabeth and Mary Warren, are somewhat bland. Elizabeth is defined by her relationship to John, and Mary is pushed around by other characters (mostly men) throughout the play. The Crucible presents a view of women that essentially reduces them to caricatures of human beings that are defined by their roles as mothers, wives, and servants to men. Abigail, the one character who breaks from this mold slightly, is portrayed extremely unsympathetically despite the fa ct that the power dynamic between her and John makes him far more culpable in their illicit relationship. Deception Deception is a major driving force inThe Crucible. This includes not only accusatory lies about the involvement of others in witchcraft but also the lies that people consistently tell about their own virtuousness and purity in such a repressive society. The turmoil in Salem is propelled forward by desires for revenge and power that have been simmering beneath the town's placid exterior. There is a culture of keeping up appearances already in place, which makes it natural for people to lie about witnessing their neighbors partaking in Satanic rituals when the opportunity arises (especially if it means insulating themselves from similar accusations and even achieving personal gain). The Crucible provides an example of how convenient lies can build on one another to create a universally accepted truth even in the absence of any real evidence. Even before the witch trials, the people of Salem are doing lots of little magic tricks to make all their unholy thoughts and actions disappear. AbracaDENIAL! How to Write AboutThe CrucibleThemes It's one thing to understand the major themes in The Crucible, and it's another thing completely to write about them yourself. Essay prompts will ask about these themes in a variety of different ways. Some will be very direct. An example would be something like: "How are themes like hysteria, hunger for power, reputation, or any of a number of others functional in the drama? Choose a single character and discuss how this person embodies one of the themes. How is Miller’s underlying message revealed in one of these themes and through the character?" In a case like this, you'd be writing directly about a specific theme in connection to one of the characters. Essay questions that ask about themes in this straightforward way can be tricky because there's a temptation to speak in vague terms about the theme's significance. Always include specific details, including direct quotes, to support your argument about how the theme is expressed in the play. Other essay questions may not ask you directly about the themes listed in this article, but that doesn't mean that the themes are irrelevant to your writing. Here's another example of a potential essay question for The Crucible that's less explicit in its request for you to discuss themes of the play: "Most of the main characters in the play have personal flaws and either contribute to or end up in tragedy. Explain who you believe is the central tragic character in the play. What are their strengths and personal flaws? How does the central tragic character change throughout the play, and how does this relate to the play's title? How do outside forces contribute to the character's flaws and eventual downfall?" In this case, you're asked to discuss the concept of a tragic character, explaining who fits that mold in The Crucible and why. There are numerous connections between the flaws of individual characters and the overarching themes of the play that could be brought into this discussion. This is especially true with the reputation and hysteria themes. If you argued that John Proctor was the central tragic character, you could say that his flaws were an excessive concern for his reputation and overconfidence in the power of reason to overcome hysteria. Both flaws led him to delay telling the truth about Abigail's fraudulent claims and their previous relationship, thus dooming himself and many others to death or imprisonment. Even with prompts that ask you to discuss a specific character or plot point, you can find ways to connect your answer to major themes. These connections will bolster your responses by positioning them in relation to the most important concepts discussed throughout th e play. What's Next? Now that you've read about the most important themes in The Crucible, check out ourlist of every single character in the play, including brief analyses of their relationships and motivations. You can also read my full summary of The Crucible here for a review of exactly what happens in the plot in each act. The Crucible is commonly viewed as an allegorical representation of the communist "witch hunts" conducted in the 1950s. Take a look at this article for details on the history and thematic parallels behind this connection. Want to improve your SAT score by 160 points or your ACT score by 4 points?We've written a guide for each test about the top 5 strategies you must be using to have a shot at improving your score. Download it for free now:

The Inclusion of Children With Learning Difficulties in Mainstream Essay

The Inclusion of Children With Learning Difficulties in Mainstream Classrooms is Fine in Theory - Essay Example In Ireland the government has taken initiative towards the development of inclusive education in mainstream schools which has yielded mixed results. Background The move into inclusive education was initiated by parents of children with SEN who were concerned with the availability of appropriate institutions for their children. As a result, the Republic of Ireland signed an EU Council of Ministers Charter which led to the promotion of inclusion in schools by the Department of Education. In 1992, the Green Paper on Education highlighted the need to develop educational systems that were inclusive and provided those that were socially, physically, mentally or economically disadvantaged with equal opportunities. The Report of the Special Education Review Committee in 1993 laid the groundwork for inclusive education in Ireland. The reports proposed seven principles for the future of inclusive education which included; all children have a right to suitable education, the needs of the child should be the first priority while considering the route of education, the parents of children with SEN should be allowed to take an active part in decisions about their child’s education, a range of services that include education in a regular school with additional support, Special educational needs should be provided in ordinary schools unless individual circumstances make it impractical, only in extreme cases should it be necessary for the child to live away from home to receive suitable education and the state should provide the resources required to enable children with special educational needs to receive education according to their needs. In accordance with these principles, the White Paper on Education Charting our... This report approves that theoretically speaking inclusive education is an ideal system to integrate students with special needs into the mainstream. Inclusive education not only results in better academic performance by such students but also increased social interaction and rehabilitation for them. Inclusive education results in students in SEN receiving the same education and environment that regular students and thus preparing them for the real word and enabling them from the beginning. This helps adjustment in real life and greater chances of success in the future; it also helps in maintaining social relationships with other children and learning socially acceptable norms of behavior. It also increases a sense of belonging and decreases discrimination. This essay makes a conclusion that Inclusive education for children with special needs is a concept that works in practical life as well but like most other concepts it needs proper regulation and structure. In Ireland, although there is legislation and regulation schools need to be committed to inclusive education and cater to the needs of the students. Teachers need to get professional training and maintain positive attitudes. There should be greater collaboration among schools and other agencies as well as parent and school collaboration. Children should be taught to include their SEN counterparts and view them as their own. Inclusive education is a successful way of integrating special children in society although there are many challenges need to be overcome.